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New Variables! IPUMS International Fall 2025 Data Release

January 27, 2026 by mpcblog

By Rodrigo Lovaton Davila

IPUMS International recently added twenty-one new harmonized variables that expand the thematic coverage of the data collection and enable new possibilities for research. Most notably, the data release introduces harmonized variables representing sample level information, including selected characteristics of the statistical operation and the sampling design (accessible in technical household). This information was previously available in the sample descriptions section, but is now also accessible through variables that can be included in data extracts. Read on for more details on these new sample-level variables and a few new work and household amenity variables!

New variables about the statistical operation describe whether the data correspond to a census or a survey; whether enumeration was de jure or de facto; the type of form received by respondents in the sample; and the month of data collection. The IPUMS International data collection currently includes 395 census samples, 233 labor force surveys, and 27 population surveys.

FORMTYPE allows users to identify whether the data for each sample consist of responses to a single, standard questionnaire applied to the entire population; responses to a short or long form, in a census that gathered more information from a sample of the population; or records derived from administrative registers (with no questionnaire used in data collection.) Most datasets in the collection correspond to one standard questionnaire (79% of 395 census samples). For censuses where a short and a long form were applied, the samples in IPUMS typically correspond to the long questionnaire (78% of 78 samples), which includes additional questions and is richer for research purposes.

ENUMTYPE indicates whether the enumeration was de jure or de facto, an important distinction for understanding how the population was counted in the census operation. Some censuses enumerate combining both de jure (usual residents) and de facto (those present on the census reference date whether resident or visitor), which is reflected in this new variable. Importantly, users can work with the existing variable RESIDENT to eliminate double-counting of persons who were enumerated both at their permanent residence and at the residence they were visiting on census night. ENUMMO complements the variable YEAR to provide a more accurate indicator of the timing of data collection.

A Missing Piece: The 2025 U.S. Government Shutdown and the Current Population Survey

December 22, 2025December 22, 2025 by mpcblog

By Renae Rodgers

Current Population Survey (CPS) data collection and processing were among the many U.S. government programs and services interrupted by the October 1-November 12, 2025 U.S. government shutdown. This blog post gives an overview of the impacts of the 2025 government shutdown on CPS data collection and processing, explores how missed data collection in October and delayed data collection in November due to the shutdown impacted CPS response rates, and discusses implications for the CPS panel component.

Data Collection and Processing

The Current Population Survey is one of two surveys used to create the Employment Situation News Release published every month by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS); the CPS is commonly referred to as the “household survey” in these releases. Each month they are in the CPS, household respondents are asked questions on work and job search activities for members of their households during the week that includes the 12th of the month – this is known as the “reference week” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025a). CPS households are interviewed during the week immediately following the reference week – the week that contains the 19th. Data collection lasts for approximately 10 days. During November and December, reference weeks and subsequent data collection may be moved one week earlier if necessary to avoid coinciding with holiday periods. The Employment Situation news releases are typically published the first Friday of the month following data collection (e.g., the August Employment Situation news release is the first Friday of September) and the Public Use Microdata files are typically published the Wednesday following the Employment Situation news release.

The 2025 government shutdown impacted data release, collection, and processing in unique ways. Figure 1 shows the CPS reference weeks for September through December of 2025, the CPS interview weeks for this same period, and the days on which the federal government was shut down.

Historical Supplemental Poverty Measure

December 19, 2025December 18, 2025 by mpcblog

By Stephanie Richards, Kari Williams, and Sarah Flood

The Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey is the official source of information about poverty in the United States. Since 1968, the ASEC has been used to create the Official Poverty Measure (OPM) and has included the variables needed to create that measure. The Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) and the variables needed to create it were first released by the Census Bureau in 2010, reporting the SPM for 2009¹. In contrast to the OPM, the SPM provides a more complete picture of the economic wellbeing of American households.

The value of the SPM is apparent – it is a comprehensive and nuanced measure that accounts for the diversity of living arrangements, variability in cost of living, and a wider array of available financial resources and demands. However, the temporal coverage of SPM is limited; the Census Bureau only has data back to 2010. Over the last ten years, researchers at Columbia University’s Center on Poverty and Social Policy (CPSP) have eliminated this constraint by compiling the data necessary to create SPM and make it available back to 1968, and have shared the data with the research community via the CPSP Historical SPM Data Portal.

CPSP researchers have also partnered with IPUMS to disseminate their historical SPM data via IPUMS CPS. This includes the poverty status variables (i.e., SPMPOV and SPMPOVANC12) as well as the inputs and thresholds for creating them. If you know IPUMS, you know that we loooooove the chance to extend a valuable measure back in time. We are incredibly grateful to CPSP for the important work they have done and are thrilled to make it even easier for IPUMS CPS users to access the historical SPM data.

In this blog post, we briefly describe differences between the components – family, resources, and needs – used to create OPM and (historical) SPM, preview CPSP’s “anchored” poverty variables that facilitate comparisons over time that reference a set cost-of-living standard, and share suggestions for further reading (because we know you are going to want to learn even more about this!).

Multigenerational Households Across Multiple Data Collections

December 2, 2025 by mpcblog

By Etienne Breton

We recently updated a key IPUMS-constructed variable for understanding multigenerational households: MULTGEN, which identifies the number of generations in a household. This variable is needed to answer important questions in our era of rapid population aging. For example, do multigenerational households become more numerous during economic recessions, and if so for whom exactly? Can they buffer against physical and cognitive decline for older adults? Do young people living with their grandparents have distinct educational, professional or even health trajectories? All of these questions – and many more – can be investigated creatively and rigorously using MULTGEN.

MULTGEN has long been available for most IPUMS USA samples. We recently adapted our methodology to add this variable to IPUMS CPS for all samples from January 1994 to the present. This means that users can now research multigenerational households with another IPUMS data collection, tackling key research questions with added precision and contextual richness, in addition to analysis of topics in the CPS that are not covered in the ACS (e.g., tobacco use, volunteering, voting and registration).

The construction of MULTGEN in IPUMS CPS (as in IPUMS USA) relies on IPUMS family interrelationship variables (see this classic paper, or this more recent paper, or our user guide, for how these variables are constructed) and information from the variable RELATE (insufficient information in the RELATE variable before 1994 explains why MULTGEN is not available for older samples). At present, MULTGEN in IPUMS CPS only provides general codes about the number of generations per household, whereas MULTGEN in IPUMS USA also provides detailed codes identifying subtypes of 2-generations and 3+ generations households.

OCC2010 is now available in ATUS

November 18, 2025 by mpcblog

By Daniel Backman

You asked, we delivered.

The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) was first fielded in 2003 and data have been collected and released annually since. Over that period, ATUS occupations have been coded using three distinct coding schemes. IPUMS ATUS users have requested that we extend our occupation harmonization work to IPUMS ATUS to bridge changes in occupation coding schemes. The wish of those users has been granted! OCC2010 is now available via IPUMS ATUS. As always, the original, un-recoded occupation categories are also available in OCC.

Why do we need to harmonize occupations?

The Census Bureau regularly updates occupation and industry codes to reflect the rapidly changing nature of employment in the United States. Changes to occupation codes are important because they provide the most up to date information about jobs and the nature of work. Updates to occupation codes reflect the evolution of jobs and work and allow for the incorporation of new occupations. While updating occupation classification schemes improves the quality of occupation data, navigating these changes can be cumbersome for researchers.

What is OCC2010?

OCC2010 is created by IPUMS to implement consistent occupation codes across all years of currently available ATUS data (2003 to 2024). This harmonized occupation variable assigns all original occupation codes in the ATUS (i.e., OCC) to a single Census Bureau coding scheme. We chose the 2010 occupation coding scheme (well, actually the 2012 coding scheme which is very similar to the 2010 scheme¹) because then we only have to bridge one change in occupation codes forward in time and backwards in time. OCC2010 was developed to enhance the comparability of occupational data by providing a consistent set of occupational codes for IPUMS ATUS from 2003 forward. OCC2010 is also available in IPUMS CPS and IPUMS USA.

New variables for augmenting IPUMS CPS data with external city-level data

November 5, 2025November 5, 2025 by mpcblog

By David Van Riper, Etienne Breton, and Sarah Flood

Have you ever wanted to link external city-level data to CPS respondents but were stymied by the city coding system used by the CPS? With the release of two new variables (PLACECENSUS and PLACEFIPS), IPUMS CPS has simplified the task of making such linkages.

The CPS identifies a limited number of sub-state geographic units (e.g., cities, counties) because of the complex assignment of CPS geographic identifiers (see working paper) and required minimum population thresholds. An additional layer of complexity is a custom coding scheme for central/principal cities (INDIVIDCC) that is unique to the CPS and, therefore, unfamiliar to most data users. IPUMS CPS has addressed this issue through the creation of two new variables – PLACECENSUS and PLACEFIPS – which provide standard codes for identifying central cities. These new variables will dramatically simplify the process of using IPUMS CPS to study specific cities, and will be particularly beneficial to those who want to augment the CPS data with city-level characteristics.

While metropolitan areas have almost always been identified in CPS (see METFIPS), central or principal cities – defined as the largest or one of the largest cities in metropolitan areas – were not identified in the data until October of 1985 (see INDIVIDCC). The identification of cities is great for users – they can focus their analyses on these cities (paying close attention to sample size and applying weights of course!). If analyses are confined to the CPS only, INDIVIDCC is adequate for use. However, attaching city-level characteristics to CPS data quickly becomes a problem given the native coding scheme for INDIVIDCC that is not used in other data products.

The new IPUMS CPS variables PLACECENSUS and PLACEFIPS help mitigate the challenge associated with augmenting city-level data from other sources with CPS data.

PLACECENSUS (available October 1985 to May 1995) uses Census city codes developed by the Census Bureau. The Census Bureau developed standard Census codes for cities that they applied to the 1970 and 1980 decennial censuses. The codes are assigned to each place in alphabetical order within a state.
PLACEFIPS (available September 1995 forward) uses FIPS codes. were developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the 1980s and have been used by the Census Bureau for decennial censuses since 1990 and in many other datasets published by the United States government (e.g., American Community Survey). FIPS codes are assigned to each place in alphabetical order within a state.
Neither PLACECENSUS nor PLACEFIPS are available for the June to August 1995 data. During this period, there are no sub-state geographic identifiers in the data.
PLACECENSUS and PLACEFIPS codes are unique within states, so users must combine the PLACECENSUS or PLACEFIPS codes with a state identifier (STATEFIP or STATECENSUS) to uniquely identify each central city.

Measuring Food Security with U.S. Federal Data

October 30, 2025October 10, 2025 by mpcblog

By Kari Williams & Isabel Pastoor

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) defines a household as being food secure when all household members at all times have access to “enough food for an active, healthy life;” it sets a minimum threshold for food security of “ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods” and the “assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways” (USDA Economic Research Service, 2025). The USDA provides survey modules for assessing food security in the U.S. (see Table 1), which are used in a number of federal surveys.

Following the recent announcement by the USDA that they plan to cease data collection for the Food Security supplement fielded as part of the December Current Population Survey, we are highlighting data sources for studying food security in the U.S. Table 2 provides an overview of a number of federal data sources that can be used to study aspects of food security in the U.S. This list of data sources is not exhaustive; we have prioritized data available through IPUMS and other long-running and large-scale population surveys. Additional sources covering shorter time periods or more specific focal populations can be found from the USDA’s Food Security in the United States Documentation page and the Food Access Research Atlas.